Altered c-Fos expression demonstrates neuronal stress in mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, exposed to PWesteria shumwayae and Chaetoceros concavicornis
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چکیده
To better understand sublethal eVects of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on Wsh, mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), were exposed in the laboratory to varying, environmentally relevant densities of PWesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et Burkholder, CCMP 2089, dinoXagellate) and Chaetoceros concavicornis (Mangin, CCMP 169, diatom). Two experiments were conducted during the spring of 2003 and 2004 to quantitatively examine the eVects of acute (2 h) P. shumwayae and C. concavicornis algal exposure on mummichog brain activity using c-Fos expression as a marker of altered neuronal activity. Brains from HABexposed Wsh were removed, sectioned, and stained using immunocytochemistry prior to quantifying neuronal c-Fos expression. Fish exposed to P. shumwayae and C. concavicornis showed increased c-Fos expression compared to unexposed control Wsh. A signiWcant dose-response relationship was observed, with increased labeling in brains of Wsh exposed to higher cell densities for both HAB species tested (P · 0.01). Increased labeling was found in the telencephalon, optic lobes, midbrain, and portions of the medulla. The greatest increases in expression were observed in the telencephalon of P. shumwayae-exposed Wsh, and in the telencephalon and optic lobes of C. concavicornis-exposed Wsh (P · 0.01). These increases in c-Fos expression are consistent with other physical and chemical stress exposures observed in Wsh. Neuronal stress, evidenced by c-Fos expression, demonstrates a sublethal eVect of exposure and changes in brain activity in Wsh exposed to
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تاریخ انتشار 2007